The Solar System

The Solar System[a] is the gravitationallybound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.[b] Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets,[c] with the remainder being smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.[d]
Solar System
A representative image of the Solar System with sizes, but not distances, to scale
(distances not to scale)
Age4.568 billion years
Location
System mass1.0014 Solar masses
Nearest star
Nearest knownplanetary systemProxima Centaurisystem  (4.25 ly)
Semi-major axis of outer known planet (Neptune)30.10 AU  (4.503 billion km)
Distance to Kuiper cliff50 AU
Populations
Stars1  (Sun)
Known planets
Known dwarf planets
Possibly several hundred;[1]
five currently recognized by the IAU
Known natural satellites
472
Known minor planets707,664  (as of 2016-03-07)[4]
Known comets3,406  (as of 2016-03-07)[4]
Identified rounded satellites19
Invariable-to-galactic plane inclination60.19°  (ecliptic)
Distance to Galactic Center27,000 ± 1,000 ly
Orbital speed220 km/s
Orbital period225–250 Myr
Spectral typeG2V
Frost line≈5 AU[5]
Distance to heliopause≈120 AU
Hill sphere radius≈1–3 ly
The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with the majority of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, MercuryVenusEarth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called volatiles, such as water, ammonia and methane. All eight planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.
The Solar System also contains smaller objects.[e] The asteroid belt, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc, which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids. Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity.[10] Such objects are categorized as dwarf planets. Identified dwarf planets include the asteroid Ceres and the trans-Neptunian objects Pluto and Eris.[e] In addition to these two regions, various other small-body populations, including cometscentaurs and interplanetary dust clouds, freely travel between regions. Six of the planets, at least four of the dwarf planets, and many of the smaller bodies are orbited by natural satellites,[f] usually termed "moons" after the Moon. Each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other small objects.
The solar wind, a stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun, creates a bubble-like region in the interstellar mediumknown as the heliosphere. The heliopause is the point at which pressure from the solar wind is equal to the opposing pressure of the interstellar medium; it extends out to the edge of the scattered disc. The Oort cloud, which is thought to be the source for long-period comets, may also exist at a distance roughly a thousand times further than the heliosphere. The Solar System is located in the Orion Arm, 26,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way.

No comments:

Post a Comment

Comment here...

4th Dimension!

A  hypercube  moving along the 4D  axis A 4D  torus  rotating on the 4D  axis. 4D , meaning the  4 common dimensions , is an...

Recommended